seizures were rare and occurred only when workers were faced with imminent shutdown or when the administration's sabotage was blatant and persistent. Even so, seizures were accompanied by the demand for state sequestration.
After October, with the economic crisis rapidly deepening and backed by soviet power, workers were more apt to seize their plants, but the factory committee conference already demanded full nationalisation. This had not been part of the Bolshevik programme either. But the decree on generalised nationalisation was passed eight months after the revolution. The National Economic Council, the central state organ for economic administration, was staffed largely by member of the Central Council of Factory Committees.
The point of all this is that the workers in 1917 reacted to the crisis that followed the democratic revolution in an essentially class-independent, solidaristic way. Workers in the 1990s
This was very different from the reaction of workers when the bureaucratic regime fell in the midst of growing economic crisis. The latter-day workers never formed their own class organisations, political or economic.
In many regions workers did support candidates running on anti-bureaucratic platforms, but no one seriously thought to demand the exclusion of bureaucrats (or ex-bureaucrats) from elected posts. Many functionaries, especially from the lower levels, got elected. None of the various initiatives to create a workerbased party got anywhere. In practice, labour politics was and remains limited to forms of lobbying, much of it in subordinate collaboration with managers.
The differences in the very character of the two democratic revolutions is also striking. The February Revolution was entirely a movement from below. The masses never lost the initiative, and even after they handed the government over to the liberals, they insisted on retaining 28 International Viewpoint #306 December 1998
"control" over it through their soviets, which alone commanded armed force.
The new Soviet labour movement also played an important role in the downfall of the bureaucratic regime, but it was not really an independent role, and the movement never embraced more than a minority of the working class.
It is difficult to evaluate the precise impact of the movement "from below" on the fall of the regime, but it seems clear that it owed much to a "revolution from above" by the forces of capitalist restoration (within and outside the bureaucracy), that were able to manipulate and co-opt the popular forces. Passivity
In the crucial moments of August 1991 (the failed "conservative" coup) and the December 1991 (the dismantling of the Soviet Union), the workers remained passive bystanders. Had the downfall of the bureaucratic regime taken the form of a popular revolution, the restoration would have been a much more problematic endeavour. Restorationist strategists were keenly aware of this and strove for an alliance with the pro-capitalist elements in the bureaucracy in order to avert the necessity of a popular mobilisation to bring down the old system.
"Workers' committees" were formed during Perestroika in a number of plants, and a part of the coal miners' and a few other groups eventually formed new unions that, at least initially, admitted only workers. But in an important sense, these were more corporatist than class organisations, since they were conceived as organisations exclusively of manual workers (in the miners' case - only underground workers), excluding non-managerial white-collar workers together with the managerial personnel.
In any case, these efforts remained isolated, and corporatist unions (which still formally include managerial personnel) remain the norm in Russia. Self-management?
Under Perestroika, organisations arose in the plants and even a national movement appeared that were concerned with the issue of economic power and property. These labour-collective councils, or STKs, were formed originally on Gorbachev's command and were given limited, ambiguous self-management powers.
These were typical Soviet-style corporatist organisations, since the "labour collective" included all employees, from the lowliest janitor to the general director. Not surprisingly, the latter almost always controlled the councils, in which workers generally showed little interest.?
The STK movement arose in 1990, after Gorbachev took his restorationist turn and decided to suppress any self-management tendencies he might earlier have encouraged.
This was never a mass movement. Most workers remained indifferent to it, while its leaders, on their part, made no serious attempt to mobilise them. Engineering and managerial personnel, including directors, were strongly overrepresented at its congresses.
This movement, although it was fundamentally opposed to the old bureaucratic system, was itself based upon a corporatist ideology. Even its most radical elements accepted the idea that workers' earnings should be dependent upon the market performance of their enterprise. And they demanded complete autonomy for their enterprises.
It was very striking that the movement offered no overall conception of the national economy beyond self-managed, collectively-owned (a minority supported leasing from the state) enterprises linked to each other only by market relations. In practice, this was capitalism, but it would start out with worker-owned enterprises.
This is not to say that the activists consciously wanted capitalism. Many thought of their movement as an alternative both to capitalism and to the old system. Others accepted the idea propounded by the pro-capitalist ideologues that the distinction between socialism and capitalism had outlived itself: there is only more or less market, more or less state regulation.
This movement proved easy prey for the restorationist forces. In Russia, the movement's leaders lent their support to Yeltsin, who promised to make the STKs the basis of his government and passed a few laws making it easier for employees to become collective owners.
But when Yeltsin's privatisation programme was finally published, it ruled out collective ownership of the shares of newly privatised plants. (Kravchuk played a similar turn in the Ukraine, though that country has been slower privatising.)
The movement's activists consoled themselves with the fact that the programme at least made it easy for the "collective" to acquire a majority of the shares, if not all, as they had hoped. But since shares could not be held collectively and since the workers were incapable of organising themselves to pool their shares, the programme easily achieved its desired goal of totally excluding workers from any influence in enterprise administration. Collective struggle
Of course, the class consciousness of the pre-revolutionary Russian workers did not spring ready-made from the social relations of Tsarist Russia, even if the latter did offer them a favourable terrain. (It is worth noting, for example, that the soviets arose quite spontaneously in Ivanovo and St. Petersburg already in 1905.) It developed in the course of a relatively brief, but
extremely rich and intense period of class struggle. Despite the strong repression, this labour movement coexisted with the Tsarist regime for a quarter century. Without this experience of struggle, especially that of 1905 and 1912-14, it is hard to imagine 1917 taking the course it did.
To this one must add the role of the Bolshevik party, which was crucial to the outcome of 1917. But the party should not be seen as an totally independent factor. If there was a such a party, it was because there were favourable social conditions for it.
Its relationship to the worker masses cimal act or a thie and the labour movement was a dialectical one. Especially after 1905, this was an overwhelmingly working-class party, uniting the most conscious, revolutionary workers, themselves organically linked to the worker masses. This party was the result of an entire epoch of class struggle and accumulated experience.
In contrast to Tsarism, the bureaucratic regime, precisely because of its fragility, could not tolerate, even for a brief time, any independent labour organisation or movement. Soviet workers were unable to win themselves any autonomous space within the system until Gorbachev's liberalisation opened it for them. This liberalism proved almost immediately fatal to the regime. Not that Gorbachev wanted an independent labour movement but he was unwilling to use repression to put it down.
But Soviet workers were given too little time. They entered the period of overt political crisis of the regime with almost no experience of collective struggle or independent organisation beyond the shop level, and few even had that.
Spontaneous explosions had occurred from time to time on a larger scale before the Gorbachev period, but they were localised and quickly repressed, leaving almost no trace in the collective consciousness. As a result, Soviet workers, once they began to be active, had no experience to draw open, when only experience of independent collective struggle could have enabled them to overcome the corporatist legacy and to forge organic links of solidarity among themselves. The economic collapse
Economic collapse played a key role in both periods. The consequence of the imperialist and civil wars, the economic collapse that followed soon after the October Revolution, along with the civil war and the needs of state-building, was a key factor in the dispersal of the working, a process that did not even start to reverse itself until 1921. It was only in 1926 that industry recovered its pre-war levels.
The high rate of unemployment had a severe dampening effect on labour activism. As a result, soon after the
October Revolution, the working class ceased to be an independent historical subject. The workers played a critical role in the civil war victory, but soviet democracy soon gave way to the party dictatorship.
There were many conscious, dedicated workers in the party, which was very much a revolutionary movement dedicated to the workers' cause. But the working class as such, to the degree it still existed, had no direct means of influence over it. This set the scene for the eventual rise of the bureauстасу.
Russia's economic crisis today is less severe than that of the civil war, but then it is occurring in peacetime, and, as such, its depth and length are probably unprecedented in modern times for any major country.
But more to the point, it hit the labour movement when it was still in an embryonic stage of development, greatly slowing down, if not completely cutting short, its development.
Paradoxically, the rapid erosion of the old social bases of corporatism (the paternalistic state and enterprise management, job security, the social wage, etc.) has not only not weakened its hold on workers and their leaders, but, if anything, reinforced it.
Today corporatism goes under the official title of "social partnership". The persistence of dependent class collaboration is very much a consequence of the deep insecurity and the sense of impotence caused by the economic crisis.
One of the political motives behind the choice of restoration through "shock therapy" was, in fact, to quickly cut the social ground from under potential worker resistance.
The workers' demoralisation made possible Yeltsin's coup d'état of October 1993 and the establishment of what is for all practical purposes a dictatorship, albeit a "soft" one. (There has so far been no need for more repression.)
The coup was directed immediately against the parliament's opposition to Yeltsin's economic course, but it was also a preventive measure against potential worker resistance. (It was made know that Yeltsin had on his desk ready for signing a decree disbanding the main union federation, whose president initially supported the parliament against Yeltsin.) The coup proved very successful in snuffing out any latent militant tendencies among the union leadership. Conclusion
This comparative analysis offers some idea of what it will take for the Russian working class to again become a subject of history. The conclusions it leads to are not optimistic for the near future.
But it would be wrong to simply write off the Russian working class.
There has been a certain tendency to do that among Western socialists in the wake of the dashed hopes raised by Perestroika and by the appearance of an independent labour movement in the USSR.
The conditions that have contributed to the weakness of the Russian working class will change, and are already changing. One of those conditions is the strength of labour and socialist forces in the developed countries and also their direct support for their counterparts in Russia.
It is worth repeating that much of the immense tragedy of Russia's twentieth century history is linked to the weakness of socialist forces in the developed capitalist world. The peoples of the former Soviet Union have paid the heaviest price for the absence of socialism in the West.
At the same time, the bureaucratic dictatorship in the Soviet Union, directly or indirectly, played a key role in holding back the revolutionary potential of the Western working class, which today is itself paying an increasingly heavy price today for the absence of socialism. * The author lectures at the Université du Québec in Montreal (UQAM) Notes 1. I realise that I am using the term "revolution" rather loosely here to refer to the collapse of the Soviet system. Nevertheless, the bureaucratic dictatorship was replaced, however briefly, by a democracy of sorts. which also coincided with the beginning of capitalist restoration. 2. His analysis is systematically presented in The Revolution Betrayed, written in 1936 3. Personal communication from A. Kalachev, a leader of the workers' committee at the plant at the time. 4. See, for example, Ryzhkov's presentation of the governments reform programme to the Supreme Soviet in May 1990, Frud, May 25, 1990. Even this watered-down programme was met with widespread hostility among the population, giving rise to strike threats and panic buying, and forcing the head of the trade-union federation, Yanaev, who had never shown any independence, to qualify his initial endorsement. (Trud, June 16, 1990). For more on this, see D. Seppo, "Les épines du marché," Inprecor, June 15-28, 1990, pp. 7-11. 5. L. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, Pathfinder Press, N.Y., 1972, p. 290. 6. W.H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, Gosset and Dunlap, N.Y., 1965, vol. Il, p. 153. 7. D. Mandel, The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Régime, Macmillan, London, 1983, pp. 18-21. 8. On the factory committees, see D. Mandel, Factory Committees and Workers' Control in Petrograd in 1917, International Institute for Research and Education, Amsterdam, 1993. 9. On the CTKs, see D. Mandel, "Revolutionary Reform' in Soviet Factories," Socialist Register 1989, Merlin, London 1989, and "The Struggle for Power in the Soviet Economy," Socialist Register 1991, Merlin, London, 1991.
International Viewpoint #306 December 1998 29
Chhiact and
Subject ana country Index for 1998
Abortion
Terrorist threat to abortion providers
Will Offley
303 14
When abortion was a crime: women, medicine and law in the US, 1867-1973
306 34
Leslie Reagan
Africa
Women and poverty in South Africa
301 14
Tamara Braam
Causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
306 14
Antonio Hercules
Algeria
PST Congress
4
299
PST statement
Asia
Asia's four-in-one economic crisis
298
Maxime Durand
Asia's economic crisis
300 14
Eric Toussaint
Asia-Pacific Solidarity Conference, Sydney
303 30
Pierre Rousset
Australia
The power of mass action
300
6
John Tully
Asia-Pacific Solidarity Conference
303
30
Pierre Rousset
DSP election campaign
303
28
Election report
304 22
John Tully
Election options
305 31
Ken Davis
The devils of Jabiluka
306
6
John Tully
Bangladesh
CHT: Peace, but in what shape?
300 12
Mrinal Chakma
Belgium
What would the neighbours say?
297 29
Alain Tondeur
Books
Taking on Goliath
296 35
Kathleen Bruhn
Uncovering the right on campus
296
35
CCO
Women, population and global crisis
298 35
Askoka Bandarage
For whom am / writing?
298
35
Nawal El Saadawi
30 International Viewpoint #306 December 1998
A millenium of family change
298 34
298
Wally Seccombe
Weathering the storm
298 34
Wally Seccombe
The traffic in women
298 35
Siriporn Skrobanek (ed)
When campus resists: the politics of space, pover, and the culture of resistance in the Guelph occupation
300
33
Tom Keefer (ed)
El sindicalismo automotriz mexicano frente a un nuevo escenarion: una perspectiva desde los liderazgos
302 35
Maria Cristina Bayon
Fuzzy logic: dispatches from the information revolution
302 34
Matthew Friedman
Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and
Pragmatists
302 33
Christopher Phelps
Woody, Cisco and Me: Seamen three in the Merchant Marine
304 31
Jim Longhi
Fatherland or Mother Earth?
304 34
Michel Löwy
When abortion was a crime: women, medicine and law in the US, 1867-1973
306 34
Leslie Reagan
Brazil
Landless movement (MST) demands
"justice in this life"
302
Raúl Zibechi
8
Britain
Another blow for the Labour left
298
298
3
Ken Coates
Liverpool dockers
299 11
Labour Party conference - or farce?
Neil Murray
305
8
Canada
Quebec food redistribution demo.
299 16
When campus resists: the politics of space, pover, and the culture of resistance in the Guelph occupation
33
300
Tom Keefer (ed)
Terrorist threat to abortion providers
303
14
Will Offley
Québec's left regroupment
305
18
Bernard Rioux
Chile
Senator-for-life Pinochet
300
10
Pedro Brieger
China
The capitalist road
Zhang Kai
297
10
Not so Green Times
299
29
Zhiang Kai
Surplus bureaucrats
302
29
Zhang Kai
China today
305
26
Zhang Kai
Colombia
ELN and the peace process
ELN
FARC and the peace process
FARC
Congo
Congo's reconstruction
Colette Braeckman
The situation in Congo
Eric Toussaint
Croatia
Human rights
Ivan Cicak
Fascists in Vukovar
Cuba
Feminist brigade
Linda Averill
Anders Lang
Ten days that struck Denmarl
Jørgen Arbo-Baehr
Workers say "No" to EU
Age Skovrind
Eastern Europe
Instrument of Pax Americana
Jean-Louis Michel
Ecology
China: Not so Green Times
Zhiang Kai
Indonesia: Fire and famine
B. Skanthakumar
China: Flood management
Zhang Kai
Ecological racism in Lousiana
Monica Harden
306 8 306 8 297 15 304 28 296 13 299 11 297 35
32 296 12
9 8 300 4 301 7 302 2 296 14
299 29
303 29
305 26
306 12
Australia: the devils of Jabiluka
306
6
John Tully
Economics
Neoliberal assault on the public sector
296
2
Maxime Durand
Asia's four-in-one economic crisis
298
7
Maxime Durand
Global financial speculation
24
300
Jesús Albarracin
The international conjuncture
300 20
Maxime Durand
Asia's economic crisis
Women's Solidarity Conference
303
Nellys Palomo Sanchez
Czech Republic
Labour upsurge
Zdenek Prasil
Denmark
Election results
299
Thomas Eisler
Spying on the far left
299
Bodil Rasmussen
0.5m. private sector workers on strike
Women's Solidarity Conference
0.5m. private sector workers on strike
300 14
Eric Toussaint
MAI: A constitution for the global economy
Duncan Chapple
303
2
Can European Monetary Union: work?
What social protests will it provoke?
François Vercammen
304
16
The global storm
Maxime Durand
305 32
Egypt
Urban solidarity with peasant protests
296 24
For whom am / writing?
Nawal El Saadawi
298 35
European Union
The 35 hour week in Europe
Michel Dupont
297 24
Our reform of the labour market
François Vercammen
297 26
Europe's Kurdish problem
Albert Rochal
4
299
A Europe of the regions?
Ceri Evans
301
9
Workers say "No" to EU
Age Skovrind
302
2
European appeal for trade union left
Document
304
8
Can European Monetary Union: work?
What social protests will it provoke?
François Vercammen
304
16
Europe's labour left
François Vercammen
304 7
Europe's social democratic governments
François Vercammen
305
2
Far right
USA: uncovering the right on campus
CCO
296 35
India's Hindu right takes power: the resistable rise of the BJP
Kunal Chattopadhyay
299
22
Croatia: Fascists in Vukovar
299 11
Le Pen expelled from Martinique
299
/ 16
India's fascist RSS moves forward
301 26
Kunal Chattopadhyay
Film
Men with Guns
303 34
John Sayles
Finland
New party formed
306
4
Fourth International
No More War Against Iraq!
14
4th International declaration
298
Announcing the 15th International
Socialist Youth Camp
Ditte Løjborg
299 10
Report on the 15th International Socialist
Youth Camp
Penny Duggan
303 36 anplect sug conupa seer tot xebna
France
Polynesia: French nuclear tests
Gabriel Tetiarahi
296 26
The feminisation of under-employment
Myosotis Walner
296 10
Two steps forward, one step back
Michel Husson
297 31
Passive people?
Dominique Mezzi
297 11
October 1917 conference
297 35
Francis Sitel
The new political map
Christian Picquet
299
2
Le Pen expelled from Martinique
299 16
Young women and feminism in France
Laurence Ruimy
300
32
1968 in France
Daniel Bensaïd
301 28
Longest-ever school strike
303
Robert Noirel
4
Far left joint electoral list
306
Rafael Duffleaux
5
Germany
Student protests
Manuel Kellner
296
5
Early retirement for Helmut Kohl!
Angela Klein
297 33
Unemployed take to the streets
Angela Klein
298
2
The Social Democrats are back
Theis Gleiss
305
6
Greece
George Balafas freed
296
11
Athens News
The Olympic struggle
300
4
Economic policy undermines political hegemony
303 10
Elias loakimoglou
History
The revolution... unfinished
Boris Kagarlitsky
296
30
France: October 1917 conference
Francis Sitel
296
35
A millenium of family change
Wally Seccombe
298 34
1968 in the United States
Alan Wald
300 28
1968 in France
Daniel Bensaïd
301 28
Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and
Pragmatists
Christopher Phelps
302 33
Poland: Anti-Semitism in 1968
14
Marek Torunski
304
Commemorating the 1968 massacre
Peter Gellert
305
19
Working class consciousness in Russia
David Mandel
306
22
When abortion was a crime: women, medicine and law in the US, 1867-1973
Leslie Reagan
306 34
Homosexuality
Strategy for a queer planet
303
6
Peter Drucker
Human rights
Greece: George Balafas freed
296 i 11
Athens News
Croatia: Human rights
296 13
Ivan Cicak
Spying on the far left
Age Skovrind
299
8
Iceland
New directions for the left
303 11
Einar Olafsson
India
Hindu right takes power: the resistable rise of the BJP
Kunal Chattopadhyay
299 22
India's fascist RSS moves forward
Kunal Chattopadhyay
301 26
The coming arms race
Achin Vanaik
301 22
Nuclear Question: the Communist and radical media
301 23
The main enemy is at home
Inquilabi Communist Sangathan
301 20
Stop the nuclear arms race in South Asia!
A cross-section of reactions from the
Indian and Pakistani left
302 24
Imperialism, revolution and nuclear threats
303 20
Kunal Chattopadhyay
India's Hiroshima Day demonstrations
303
20
Anti-nuclear women
305 29
Soma Marik
Indonesia
"To all struggling Indonesian patriots
PRD
299
20
The radical left intervention
Edwin Gozal
301
5
What kind of government?
Edwin Gozal
301
4
What does the opposition want?
Mark Johnson
301
2
Migrant workers deported
B. Skanthakumar
302 19
The new New Order
B. Skanthakumar
302 16
The puppet king is dead
B. Skanthakumar
302 20
Fire and famine
B. Skanthakumar
303 29
Habibie: The limits of change
B. Skanthakumar
303 28
Iraq
No More War Against Iraq!
4th International declaration
298 14
31
International Viewpoint #306 December 1998
* subject and country index for 1998
Ireland
Bloody Sunday
298
6
F. Stuart Ross
A new phase of struggle
300
2
Gerry Adams
Sinn Fein strategy at the talks
300
3
Martin McGuinness
The "peace" agreement
300
5
Socialist Democracy
Has Britain won in Northern Ireland?
303
7
John North
Israel
General strike
298 12
Sergio Yani
Inside Gush Shalom
303 22
Adam Keller
"Boycott settlers" says Peace Bloc
304 26
Adam Keller
Italy
Rifondazione and the budget
Franco Turigliatto
296
8
Keeping the pressure high
Gianni Rigacci
297 27
Rifondazione splits
306
Livo Maitan
2
Japan
Big vote for Communists
304
24
Jun'ichi Hirai
Kurdistan
Europe's Kurdish problem
299
4
Albert Rochal
Labour
USA: Teamster trouble
296 18
Dianne Feeley
Vietnam: Labour protests in the export processing sector
296 25
Gerard Greenfield
Mexico: New labour federation
296 20
D. La Botz
Czech Republic: Labour upsurge
Zdenek Prasil
296 12
Teamster Trouble I/
297 18
Dianne Feeley
South Korea: labour candidate
6
Terry Lawless
297
The business union "short cut"
297 21
Kim Moody
Which way for Carey's supporters?
Charles Walker
297 20
Israel: General strike
298 12
Sergio Yani
Liverpool dockers
299 11
EU: trade union left conference
299 11
Half million private sector workers on strike
Katrine Toft Mikkelsen
300
4
The Olympic struggle
300
4
Ten days that struck Denmark
32
International Viewpoint #306 December 1998
Jørgen Arbo-Baehr 301 7 USA: Caterpillar - from rejection to ratification Kim Moody 301 12 Review: El sindicalismo automotriz mexicano frente a un nuevo escenarion: una perspectiva desde los liderazgos Maria Cristina Bayon 302 35 USA: General Motors paralysed by selective strike Dianne Feeley 302 12 Puerto Rico: General strike Rafael Bernabe 303 16 USA: Teamsters' reversal of fortune Alan Jacobson 303 18 Longest-ever school strike Robert Noirel 303 4 Poland: OPZZ - the ability to mobilise Dalej! 304 14 European appeal for trade union left Document 304 8 USA/Mexico: the Han Young campaign MLNA 304 6 Spain: Philips workers refuse "flexibilisation Juan Montero 304 9 Europe's labour left François Vercammen 304 7 Workers in an ever-leaner world Terry Lawless 305 20 Working class consciousness in Russia David Mandel 306 22 Labour time The 35 hour week in Europe Michel Dupont 297 24 Two steps forward, one step back Michel Husson 297 31 Keeping the pressure high Gianni Rigacci 297 27 What would the neighbours say? Alain Tondeur 297 29 Our reform of the labour market François Vercammen 297 26 Latin America Against the Buenos Aires Concensus Ernesto Hererra 298 30 Lesotho South Africa's shame WOSA statement 304 29 Malaysia Squatters? Urban pioneers! Syed Husin Ali 299 28 Winds of change B. Skanthakumar 304 18 Neoliberal reformasi? Syed Husin Ali 304 20 Martinique Le Pen expelled from Martinique
299 16 Mexico Taking on Goliath пирерЯ silesd
Kathleen Bruhn
296 35
Zapatista communiqué
296 23
FZLN
Opposition splits in response to PRI budget
296 22
Peter Gellert
New labour federation
296 20
D. La Botz
Cardenas takes office
296 21
F. Zamora
A dirty little war in southern Mexico
297 22
Braulio Moro
Neoliberalism's broken mirror
299 17
Daniel Bensaïd
Foreigners expelled from Chiapas
299 16
FZLN Congress
299 16
The fourth world war has started
299 12
Sub-commandante Marcos
Review: El sindicalismo automotriz mexicano frente a un nuevo escenarion:
una perspectiva desde los liderazgos
302 35
Maria Cristina Bayon
USA/Mexico: the Han Young campaign
304
6
MLNA
Commemorating the 1968 massacre
Peter Gellert
305
19
NATO
Instrument of Pax Americana
296
14
Jean-Louis Michel
Netherlands
Leaks in the Polder Model
296 11
John Cohzijn
No part-time paradise
297 33
Robert Went
Voters move left
Barend de Voogd
299
6
Who speaks for unhappy voters?
302
4
John Cozijn
Nicaragua
FSLN re-elects Ortega
303 12
Lisa Zimmerman
Nuclear
Poynesia: French nuclear tests
26
296
Gabriel Tetiarahi
The coming arms race
301 22
Achin Vanaik
India: extracts from the Communist and radical media
301 23
The main enemy is at home
Inquilabi Communist Sangathan
301 20
Stop the nuclear arms race in SouthAsia!
A cross-section of reactions from the
Indian and Pakistani left
302 24
Imperialism, revolution and nuclear threats
303 20
Kunal Chattopadhyay
Pakistan socialists condemn "atomic fundamentalism"
Labour Party
303 23
India's Hiroshima Day demonstrations
303 20
Anti-nuclear women
305 29
Soma Marik
Obituary
Ernest Scholl
296 33
Hans-Jürgen Shultz
303 35
Luis de Sousa Graça
304 32
Zheng Chaolin
304 32
Pakistan
Pakistan socialists condemn "atomic fundamentalism™
Labour Party
303 23
Islamic law
305 27
Arif Azad
Palestine
Rebuilding the left
Nassar Ibrahim
298
10
Peasants
Egypt: urban solidarity with peasant protests
296 24
Brazil: Landless movement (MST)
demands "justice in this life"
Raúl Zibechi
302
8
• Philippines
Economic meltdown
Sonny Melencio
298
8
Left unity
303 24
GLW
Poland
OPZZ - the ability to mobilise
Dalej!
304 14
Poland: Anti-Semitism in 1968
Marek Torunski
304 14
Polynesia
Fallout on French nuclear tests
Gabriel Tetiarahi
296 26
Pornography
Pornography: ban it or read it?
298 19 debate
Poverty
Women and poverty in South Africa
Tamara Braam
301 14
Causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
Antonio Hercules
306 14
Privatisation
The neoliberal assault on the public sector
Maxime Durand
296
2
Telecom reform in the III World
Vickramabahu Karunarathne
296
6
Puerto Rico
General strike
Rafael Bernabe
303 16
Russia
The revolution... unfinished
Boris Kagarlitsky
296 30
Moscow meeting on the heritage of
Leon Trotsky
Marilyn Vogt-Downey
296 34
Is Russia bankrupt?
Aleksandr Buzgalin
303 12
The force of inertia
Boris Kagarlitsky
304
13
Working class consciousness in Russia
David Mandel
306 22
Senegal
PADS-Time for change
300
9
Sexuality
Women and sex
Nancy Herzig
298 16
Pornography: ban it or read it?
debate
298 19
South Africa
Women and poverty in South Africa
Tamara Braam
301 14
South Africa's financial fragility
Patrick Bond
302 14
Lesotho: South Africa's shame
WOSA statement
304 29
WOSA Conference (5th)
304 30
South Korea
Trade Union presidential candidate
Terry Lawless
296 28
IMF deepens Korea's misery
Michel Chossudovsky
297 2
The paper tiger economy
Terry Lawless Lawless
297
4
Revenge for the Kwanju massacre
Terry Lawless
297 6
The labour candidate
Terry Lawless
297 6
Split in the ruling camp
Terry Lawless
297
7
Sooner or later...
Terry Lawless
299 25
People's International Conference
304 30
Currents on the Korean left
Lee Oh-wol
305 23
Elections: openings to the left
Lee Oh-wol
305 25
Workers in an ever-leaner world
Lee Oh-wol
305 20
Spain
The (dis)-United Left
Jesús Albarracin
297 12
United Left 5th Federal Assembly
Jaime Pastor
297 14
Catalan Communists regroup
Brian Anglo
302 15
Philips workers refuse "flexibilisation
Juan Montero
304
9
The Basque conflict after the ETA ceasefire
José "Troglo" Castaños
305 10
Sri Lanka
Telecom reform in the III World
Vickramabahu Karunarathne
296 6
Sinhala left reconsiders support for war
LSSP statement
304 23
The left and the war
NSSP
305 28
Students
Uncovering the right on campus
CCO
296 35
Germany: Student protests
Manuel Kellner
296
5
When campus resists: the politics of space, pover, and the culture of resistance in the Guelph occupation
Tom Keefer (ed)
300 33
Sweden
Breakthrough for the Left Party
Peter Lindgren
304 10
Switzerland
World anti-capitalist meeting
Gustavo Vasquez
300 34
Trotsky
Moscow meeting on the heritage of
LeonTrotsky
Marilyn Vogt-Downey
296 34
Turkey
Love, revolution and the dispossessed
Masis Kürkçügul
296
28
Permanent instability
302
Erdal Tan
5
Unemployment
France: The feminisation of underemployment
Myosotis Walner
296 10
Passive people?
Dominique Mezzi
297 11
Germany: unemployed take to the streets
Angela Klein
298 2
EuroMarch news
299 11
China: Surplus bureaucrats
Zhang Kai
302 29
Indonesia: migrant workers deported
3N2 19)
B. Skanthakumar
USA
Uncovering the night on campu
206 35
CCO
Teamster trouble
Dianne Feelley
ZARE TE
Teamster Trouble B
International Viewpoint #306 December 1998 33
index for 1998 Dianne Feeley 297 18 The business union "short cut" Kim Moody 297 21 Which way for Carey's supporters? Charles Walker 297 20 1968 in the United States Alan Wald 300 28 Caterpillar - from rejection to ratification Kim Moody 301 12 The reality of family life Stephanie Coontz 302 30 General Motors paralysed by selective strike Dianne Feeley 302 12 young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatists Christopher Phelps 302 33 Teamsters' reversal of fortune Alan Jacobson 303 18 USA/Mexico: the Han Young campaign MLNA 304 6 Lessons from the GM strike Kim Moody 304 4 High crimes and misdemeanours Barry Sheppard 304 2 Ecological racism in Lousiana Charlie Cray 306 12 When abortion was a crime: women, medicine and law in the US, 1867-1973 Leslie Reagan 306 34 Vietnam Labour protests in the export processing sector Gerard Greenfield 296 25 War and Peace Instrument of Pax Americana Jean-Louis Michel 296 14 No More War Against Iraq! 4th International declaration 298 14 Fascists in Vukovar
299 11 Inside Gush Shalom - Israel's Peace Bloc Adam Keller 303 22 Review: Men with Guns John Sayles 303 34 Sinhala left reconsiders support for war LSSP statement 304 23 Sri Lanka: The left and the war NSSP 305 28 Women Feminist brigade Linda Averill 296 35 France: The feminisation of underemployment Myosotis Walner 296 10 Women, population and global crisis Askoka Bandarage 298 35 Women's strike support groups Terry Conway 298 25 Dossier: introduction Penny Duggan 298 15 For whom am / writing? Nawal El Saadawi 298 35 Women and sex 34 International Viewpoint #306 December 1998
Nancy Herzig 298 16 This violent world Estela Retamoso 298 27 A millenium of family change Wally Seccombe 298 34 Weathering the storm Wally Seccombe 298 34 The traffic in women Siriporn Skrobanek (ed) 298 35 Pornography: ban it or read it? debate 298 19 The "difference" debate in feminism Lidia Cirillo 300 30 Young women and feminism in France Laurence Ruimy 300 32 Women and poverty in South Africa Tamara Braam 301 14 The reality of family life in the USA Stephanie Coontz 302 30 Women's Solidarity Conference, Havana, Cuba Nellys Palomo Sanchez 303 32 When abortion was a crime: women, medicine and law in the US, 1867-1973 Leslie Reagan 306 34 Youth Announcing the 15th International Socialist Youth Camp Ditte Løjborg 299 10 Report on the 15th International Socialist Youth Camp Penny Duggan 303 36 Author Index for 1998 Gerry Adams A new phase of struggle 300 2 Jesús Albarracín Global financial speculation 300 24 The (dis)-United Left 297 12 Brian Anglo Catalan Communists regroup 302 15 Jørgen Arbo-Baehr Ten days that struck Denmark 301 7 Linda Averill Feminist brigade 297 35 Arif Azad Islamic law 305 27 Daniel Bensaïd 1968 in France 301 28 Daniel Bensaïd Neoliberalism's broken mirror 299 17
Rafael Bernabe
General strike
303
16
Patrick Bond
South Africa's financial fragility
302
14
Tamara Braam
Women and poverty in South Africa
301
14
Colette Braeckman
Congo's reconstruction
297 15
Pedro Brieger
300
Chile: Senator-for-life Pinochet
10
Aleksandr Buzgalin
Is Russia bankrupt?
303 12
José "Troglo" Castaños
The Basque conflict after the ETA
305
:10 ceasefire
Mrinal Chakma
CHT: Peace, but in what shape? 300 12
Duncan Chapple
MAI: A constitution for the global
303
2 economy
Kunal Chattopadhyay
297
8
A one-sided class war
Hindu right takes power: the resistable
299 22 rise of the BJP
Imperialism, revolution and nuclear
303
20 threats
India's fascist RSS moves forward 301
26
Michel Chossudovsky
IMF deepens Korea's misery
297
2
Ivan Cicak
Croatia: Human rights
296 13
Lidia Cirillo
The "difference" debate in feminism
300 30
Ken Coates
Another blow for the Labour left 298
John Cohzijn
296
Leaks in the Polder Model
11
4
Who speaks for unhappy voters?
302
Terry Conway
Women's strike support groups
298 25
Stephanie Coontz
302
The reality of family life
30
Charlie Cray
306
Ecological racism in Lousiana
12
Ken Davis
305 31
Election options
Barend de Vooad
Darena de vooga
Voters move left
299
299 6
Peter Drucker
Strategy for a queer planet
303
6
Rafael Duffleaux far left joint electoral list
306
Penny Duggan
Feminism: dossier introduction
298 15
Report on the 15th International Socialist
Youth Camp
303 36
Michel Dupont
The 35 hour week in Europe
297 24
Maxime Durand
Asia's four-in-one economic crisis
298
7
Global storm
305 32 international conjuncture
300 20
The neoliberal assault on the public sector
296
2
Thomas Eisler
Election results
299
9
ELN
ELN and the peace process
306 8
Ceri Evans
European Union: A Europe of the regions?
301
9
FARC
FARC and the peace process
306 8
Dianne Feeley
General Motors paralysed by selective strike
302
12
Teamster trouble
296 18
Teamster Trouble Il
297 18
Fourth International
No More War Against Iraq!
298 14
FZLN
Zapatista communiqué
296 23
Peter Gellert
Commemorating the 1968 massacre
305 19
Opposition splits in response to PRI budget
296 22
Theis Gleiss
The Social Democrats are back
305
6
Edwin Gozal
The radical left intervention
301
5
What kind of government?
301
4
Gerard Greenfield
Vietnam: Labour protests in the export processing sector
296 25
Monica Harden
Monica Hardon
Ecological racism in Lousiana
306
12
Antonio Hercules
Causes of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
306 14
Ernesto Hererra
Against the Buenos Aires Concensus
298
30
Nancy Herzig
Women and sex
298 16
Jun'ichi Hirai
Japan: Big vote for Communists
304 24
Michel Husson
Two steps forward, one step back
297 31
Nassar Ibrahim
Rebuilding the left
298
10
Inquilabi Communist
Sangathan (India)
The main enemy is at home
301 20
Elias loakimoglou
Economic policy undermines political hegemony
303 10
Alan Jacobson
USA: Teamsters' reversal of fortune
303 18
Mark Johnson
Indonesia: What does the opposition want?
301
2
Boris Kagarlitsky
The force of inertia
304 13
The revolution... unfinished
296 30
Zhang Kai
Surplus bureaucrats
302 29
Not so Green Times
299 29
Vickramabahu Karunarathne
Telecom reform in the III World
296 6
Adam Keller
Inside Gush Shalom - Israel's Peace Bloc:
Part one
303 22
Part two
303 22
Manuel Kellner
Germany: Student protests
296
5
Angela Klein
Germany: unemployed take to the streets
298
2
Early retirement for Helmut Kohl! 297 33
Andrei Kolganov
Is Russia bankrupt?
303 12
Masis Kürkçügul
Love, revolution and the dispossessed
296
28
D. La Botz
New labour federation
296 20
Anders Lang
Half million private sector workers on strike
4
300
Terry Lawless
Revenge for the Kwanju massacre
297 6
Sooner or later...
299
25
Labour candidate
297
6
Split in the ruling camp
297 7
Trade Union presidential candidate
296 28
Workers in an ever-leaner world
305 20
The paper tiger economy
297 4
Lee Oh-wol
Currents on the Korean left
305 23
Elections: openings to the left
305
25
Workers in an ever-leaner world
305 20
Peter Lindgren
Breakthrough for the Left Party
304 10
Ditte Løjborg
Announcing the 15th International
Socialist Youth Camp
299
10
Livo Maitan
Rifondazione splits
306
2
David Mandel
Working class consciousness in Russia
306 22
Soma Marik
Anti-nuclear women
305 29
Martin McGuinness
Sinn Fein strategy at the talks
300
Sub-commandante Marcos
The fourth world war has started
299
12Dominique Mezzi
Passive people?
297 11
Jean-Louis Michel
Instrument of Pax Americana
296 14
Katrine Toft Mikkelsen
Half million private sector workers on strike
300
4
Juan Montero
Spain: Philips workers refuse
International Viewpoint #306 December 1998 35
* author index for 1998
"flexibilisation
304
9
Kim Moody
Caterpillar - from rejection to ratification
301 12
The business union "short cut"
297 21
Lessons from the GM strike
304
4
Braulio Moro
A dirty little war in southern Mexico
297 22
Neil Murray
305
Labour Party conference
8
Robert Noirel
4
Longest-ever school strike
303
John North
Has Britain won in Northern Ireland?
303
7
NSSP
Sri Lanka: The left and the war
305
28
Will Offley
Terrorist threat to abortion providers
303
14
Einar Olafsson
303
New directions for the left
11
Nellys Palomo Sanchez
Women's Solidarity Conference, Havana,
303
32
Cuba
Jaime Pastor
United Left 5th Federal Assembly 297 14
Christian Picquet
299
2
The new political map
Zdenek Prasil
Czech Republic: Labour upsurge 296 12
PRD (Indonesia)
"To all struggling Indonesian patriots
F. Stuart Ross Bloody Sunday 298 6 Pierre Rousset Asia-Pacific Solidarity Conference, Sydney, Australia 303 30 Laurence Ruimy Young women and feminism in France 300 32 Barry Sheppard High crimes and misdemeanours 304 2 Francis Sitel France: October 1917 conference 296 35 B. Skanthakumar Fire and famine 303 29 Habibie: The limits of change 303 28 Migrant workers deported 302 19 Winds of change 304 18 The new New Order 302 16 The puppet king is dead 302 20 Age Skovrind Workers say "No" to EU 302 2 Spying on the far left 299 8 Socialist Democracy (Ireland) The "peace" agreement 300 5 Sonny Melencio Economic meltdown 298 8 LSSP (Sri Lanka) Sinhala left reconsiders support for war
304 23 Syed Husin Ali Malaysia: Neoliberal reformasi? 304 20 Squatters? Urban pioneers! 299 28 Erdal Tan Permanent instability 302 5 Gabriel Tetiarahi Fallout on French nuclear tests 296 26 Alain Tondeur What would the neighbours say? 297 29 Marek Torunski Poland: Anti-Semitism in 1968 304 14 Eric Toussaint Asia's economic crisis 300 14 The situation in Congo 304 28 John Tully The devils of Jabiluka 306 6 Election report 304 22 The power of mass action 300 6 Franco Turigliatto Rifondazione and the budget 296 8
Achin Vanaik The coming arms race 301 22 Gustavo Vasquez World anti-capitalist meeting 300 34 François Vercammen Can European Monetary Union: work? What social protests will it provoke?
304 16 Europe's labour left 304 7 Europe's social democratic governments
305 2 Our reform of the labour market 297 26 Marilyn Vogt-Downey Moscow meeting on the heritage of LeonTrotsky 296 34 Alan Wald 1968 in the United States 300 28 Charles Walker Which way for Carey's supporters?297 20
Myosotis Walner
Muneotic Wainer
France: The feminisation of unde employment
Robert Went
No part-time paradise
WOSA (South Africa)
Lesotho: South Africa's shame
Sergio Yani
General strike
F. Zamora
Cardenas takes office
Zhang Kai
Flood management
The capitalist road
Raúl Zibechi
Brazil: Landless movement (MST)
demands "justice in this life"
Lisa Zimmerman
FSLN re-elects Ortega r296 10 297 33 304 29 298 12 296 21 305 26 297 10 302 8 303 12
PST (Algeria)
PST Congress
Bodil Rasmussen
Spying on the far left
Estela Retamoso
This violent world
Gianni Rigacci
Keeping the pressure high
Bernard Rioux
Québec's left regroupment
Quebecs lett regroupment
Albert Rochal
Europe's Kurdish problem
299 20 299 4 299 8 298 27 297 27 305 - 18 299 4
36
International Viewpoint #306 December 1998